Current Political Situation in Major European Countries (October 2026)

Scope of This Article

This article is based on information verified as of October 2026. It covers the EU, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Russia, and the Eurasian Economic Union (Евразийский экономический союз).

For each country, we will list the head of government, the main political party in power, upcoming milestones related to the head of government, and current political issues. To focus on summarizing the key points, we will keep explanations of the political systems to a minimum and devote most of the space to the political issues.

We primarily use announcements from the government and the legislature, and when those are insufficient, we rely on news articles. When information comes from private sources, we indicate this within the text.

List

The following table was compiled independently based on sources verified in this article. The “Next Milestone” column lists only the dates confirmed by the sources. Part of the table is based on private sources. Please refer to the sections on each region for source citations.

Common Regional Context: Conflicts in the Middle East and Energy Prices

Before delving into the issues facing each country, let’s take a moment to review a situation that many governments have addressed around the same time: the conflict in the Middle East and the resulting rise in energy prices.

A report by the UK House of Commons Library states that the conflict between the United States and Iran in the Middle East began on February 28, 2026. It goes on to explain that rising energy prices have driven up the cost of gasoline and diesel in the UK, as well as household utility bills (Source: UK House of Commons Library).

In its presentation of the 2027 budget proposal, the Dutch government also noted that household finances are expected to tighten by an average of 0.1 percentage points next year. It cited the war in the Middle East and rising prices as some of the reasons for this (Source: Dutch government).

Ireland’s Prime Minister Micheál Martin stated that the energy situation is extremely challenging ahead of the 2027 budget proposal (Source: RTÉ, Ireland’s public broadcaster; a private source).The October European Council also discussed the impact of the situation in the Middle East on maritime security and global supply chains (Source: Website of the Irish EU Presidency).

The EU and the Eurasian Economic Union

EU

The European Council held a two-day summit in October. The meeting was chaired by António Costa, President of the European Council (Source: Website of the Irish EU Presidency).

One of the agenda items was the medium-term budgetary framework starting in 2028. The leaders emphasized that if an agreement is reached by the end of 2026, the necessary legislation could be adopted in 2027, ensuring an uninterrupted flow of EU funds starting in January 2028. The meeting also addressed support for Ukraine, European defense and security in light of Russia’s actions, the situation in the Middle East, and migration (Source: Website of the Irish EU Presidency).

Ireland currently holds the presidency of the Council of the European Union. When the President of the European Parliament met with Irish Prime Minister Micheál Martin, he stated that negotiations on the next multiannual budget will determine the EU’s preparedness (Source: European Parliament).

Eurasian Economic Union

Kazakhstan will serve as the chair of the Eurasian Economic Union in 2026 (Source: Eurasian Economic Commission (Евразийская экономическая комиссия)).According to reports, the Chair of the Eurasian Economic Commission’s Board of Directors announced that the next meeting of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, comprising the heads of state of member countries, will be held in St. Petersburg, Russia, in December 2026 (Source: Kazinform; private source).

In May, the Eurasian Economic Forum was held in Astana, Kazakhstan, in conjunction with a meeting of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council attended by the leaders of member states. Speeches were delivered by Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (Қасым-Жомарт Тоқаев), Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko (Александр Лукашенко),President Sadyr Japarov (Садыр Жапаров) of Kyrgyzstan, President Vladimir Putin of Russia, and Deputy Prime Minister Mher Grigoryan (Մհեր Գրիգորյան) of Armenia delivered speeches. The theme of the plenary session was the competition in digitalization centered on artificial intelligence (Source: Eurasian Economic Commission).

Representatives from the governments of Cuba, Vietnam, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates also attended, and 15 agreements and memorandums of understanding were signed (Source: Eurasian Economic Commission).

The United Kingdom and Ireland

United Kingdom

The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is Andy Burnham. Prime Minister Burnham was elected leader of the Labour Party on July 16, 2026, and took office as Prime Minister on July 20 (Source: Government of the United Kingdom).

Prime Minister Barnum has made easing the burden of living expenses a priority for the government. In his first week in office, he announced measures such as eliminating value-added tax on electricity bills for households in Great Britain from October 2026 through March 2027, and capping bus fares at 2 pounds in England outside of London. He has also stated that he will present a 10-year plan for the UK by the end of the year (Source: Library of the House of Commons).

According to a survey by the UK Office for National Statistics, 88% of people cited the cost of living as a major issue facing the UK in June 2026. While the inflation rate in June was 2.6%, the Bank of England projected it would rise to 3.2% by October (Source: UK House of Commons Library).

Another key issue is the devolution of powers to local governments. In a speech in Scotland on October 16, Prime Minister Barnum called on both the UK government and the Scottish government to devolve powers from the central government to local communities (Source: UK Government). The opposition’s arguments regarding these policies are not included in the sources verified for this article.

Ireland

The Prime Minister of Ireland is Micheál Martin. Prime Minister Martin is a member of Fianna Fáil (Source: Irish Parliament).

Prime Minister Martin stated that government spending would increase by about 6 percent and that there would be no cuts prior to the presentation of the 2027 budget. He went on to say that the cost of living is a major issue and explained that the government would focus on tax cuts, reducing childcare costs, and pensions, among other things (Source: RTÉ. Private sector).

On the other hand, Prime Minister Martin also stated that it would not be possible to continue increasing spending by 8% to 10% annually as in the past. He expressed concern that the government is relying too heavily on corporate tax revenue (Source: RTÉ. Private). The opposition’s arguments regarding the budget proposal are not included in the materials verified by this article.

Western Europe

France

The Prime Minister of France is Sébastien Lecornu (Source: Legifiscal; private). Prime Minister Lecornu is a member of the Renaissance party. Media reports indicate that tensions are rising between the Prime Minister and Renaissance members of the National Assembly, and identify the Prime Minister as one of their allies (Source: Public Sénat; private). The 2027 budget bill was submitted to the National Assembly on October 1 (Source: National Assembly).

In a September interview with a newspaper, Prime Minister Lecornu stated that the budget proposal includes fiscal consolidation measures totaling approximately 54 billion euros and will maintain tax stability (Source: Legifiscal, a private tax information website).

On October 13, the National Assembly voted on a motion introduced by Socialist Party (Parti socialiste) Representative Boris Vallaud and others to reject the deliberation of the budget bill itself. With 149 votes in favor and 236 against, the motion was not passed. Members of the National Rally (Rassemblement national) voted against this motion (Source: National Assembly).

Reports indicate that it remains uncertain whether the budget bill will pass. According to the same reports, in September, the leaders of four left-wing parliamentary groups jointly called for a vote of no confidence in the cabinet. The reports also state that the government’s fate hinges on the actions of the National Rally. The Socialist Party is reportedly considering joining negotiations with the government while presenting its own alternative budget proposal (Source: Journal du Net; private). Prime Minister Lecornu has stated that the country needs a budget and that the responsibility for this lies not only with political parties but also with the presidential candidates (Source: Journal du Net; private).Within the centrist camp, Édouard Philippe and Gabriel Attal are being mentioned as potential presidential candidates (Source: Journal du Net; private).

Belgium

The Prime Minister of Belgium is Bart De Wever of the New Flemish Alliance. The government is a coalition of the New Flemish Alliance, the Reformist Movement (Mouvement réformateur), Les Engagés, Vooruit, and the Christian Democratic and Flemish (Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams) Union, known as the Arizona Coalition (Source: La Libre Belgique; private).

One of the current issues is the budget. For the second year in a row, Prime Minister De Wever was unable to deliver his state-of-the-nation address to Parliament on the scheduled date. This is because the coalition has not yet reached an agreement on the budget (Source: La Libre Belgique; private source).

The coalition has agreed to restore fiscal balance by 2029, with a target of 10 billion euros. One point of contention is the value-added tax (VAT); while the prime minister is keeping a rate increase as an option, the Reformist Movement opposes such a hike (Source: La Libre Belgique; private).According to reports, the Prime Minister presented a contingency compromise to the Deputy Prime Ministers to avoid a situation where the year begins with a provisional budget—as happened in 2026—due to the absence of a formal budget. This proposal is said to potentially focus initially on achieving savings of approximately 4 billion euros in 2027. The Prime Minister has stated that he will not abandon the long-term goals (Source: Moustique; private).

The opposition has criticized the prime minister’s approach as the reason why a budget agreement cannot be reached. A member of the Groen party stated that the prime minister should come to parliament to explain his plans even without a budget, and a member of the Ecolo party also criticized the prime minister (Source: La Libre Belgique; private).Meanwhile, other reports analyze that none of the parties in the coalition currently has a clear advantage in toppling the government and calling for early elections. The New Flemish Alliance is reportedly being outpaced by Vlaams Belang in opinion polls (Source: La Libre Belgique; private).

The Netherlands

The Prime Minister of the Netherlands is Rob Jetten of Democrats 66. The cabinet, formed by Democrats 66, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie), and Christian Democratic Appeal (Christen-Democratisch Appèl), took office on February 23. The three parties hold 66 seats in the House of Representatives, but this falls short of a majority; they also do not hold a majority in the Senate. As a result, they negotiate with the opposition on a case-by-case basis regarding many policies (Source: NL Times; private source).

On September 15, Finance Minister Eelco Heinen presented the 2027 budget proposal to the House of Representatives (Source: Government of the Netherlands).The budget deficit is projected to reach 2.9% of gross domestic product in 2027. The government plans to reduce the tax burden by 1.4 billion euros through measures to keep taxes on gasoline and diesel low. Additionally, it has decided to scrap a proposal to directly link the retirement age to life expectancy (Source: Government of the Netherlands).

The issue of the retirement age has been a point of contention since the spring. A proposal to accelerate the increase in the age at which pension payments begin was rejected by the Senate on April 8 (Source: NL Times, a private media outlet). The opposition party’s arguments regarding the budget bill are not included in the materials verified by this article.

Germany and Switzerland

Germany

The Chancellor of Germany is Friedrich Merz (Source: Federal Government of Germany). Chancellor Merz is a member of the Christian Democratic Union (Source: Al Jazeera; private source).The government is a coalition government. At a press conference on October 2, a government spokesperson stated that the major issues of debate in recent weeks have been pensions, health insurance, long-term care, and the budget (Source: Federal Government of Germany).

At a conference of business organizations, Chancellor Merz expressed his intention to push forward with major reforms in pensions, healthcare, and long-term care. Regarding pensions, he stated that major reforms are necessary to ensure the system’s long-term sustainability and called for the implementation of the coalition’s agreed-upon policies on pensions and the labor market (Source: Federal Government of Germany). The opposition parties’ positions on these reforms are not included in the materials verified by this article.

In the state parliamentary elections held in the eastern state of Saxony-Anhalt, preliminary results show that the Alternative for Germany (Alternative für Deutschland) (AfD) received 43.8% of the vote, making it the party with the most votes. The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), to which Prime Minister Merz belongs, received 17.2% (Source: Al Jazeera; private source).

It was reported that “Alternative for Germany” is projected to win 39 of the 83 seats in the state parliament. To secure a majority on its own, the party needs 42 seats. Its lead candidate, Ulrich Siegmund, stated that he would reach out to all parties with the aim of bringing about a fundamental transformation of the state. Alternative for Germany has never been part of a governing coalition in any of the 16 states or at the federal level. This is because other major political parties have refused to cooperate with them (Source: Al Jazeera. Private).

Switzerland

In Switzerland, the Federal Council serves as the government. The Federal Council consists of seven members (Source: Swiss Federal Government). There are two members each from the Swiss People's Party, the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, and the FDP.The Liberals, and one member from The Centre (Source: Swiss Federal Government).The major issue currently under debate is a package of new agreements aimed at stabilizing relations with the EU. The Federal Council submitted this package to Parliament on March 13, 2026 (Source: Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs).

One of the points of contention is the format of the referendum. The Federal Council maintains that an optional referendum—held only upon request—is sufficient. In contrast, a committee of the Council of States (Ständerat) has proposed a referendum that must be held. On August 12, the Federal Council requested that the Council of States not deliberate on this proposal (Source: Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs).

Another point of contention is immigration from the EU. The Council of States decided to add a fee for immigration to the safeguard clause—which is intended to be used in the event that excessive immigration from the EU causes serious problems. Justice Minister Beat Jans stated that while this levy does not violate the agreement with the EU, it presents significant legal and administrative obstacles (Source: Swiss Federal Assembly).

Southern Europe

Spain

The Prime Minister of Spain is Pedro Sánchez. The government is a coalition between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and Sumar (Source: Euronews; private source).

One of the key issues is the budget. According to media reports, the government has not passed a single new budget during this legislative session, and the country has now reached 1,000 days without a new budget. The government is currently extending the use of the 2023 budget, which was passed in 2022 (Source: Euronews; private source).

On June 3, Prime Minister Sánchez announced the start of the 2027 budget process. He stated that housing would be the top priority and that issues with the local government financing system would also be resolved (Source: Office of the Prime Minister of Spain).The government has set the ceiling for national spending in 2027 at 226.032 billion euros and established a target general government deficit of 1.8% (Source: Spanish Ministry of Finance).

A Member of the European Parliament from the opposition People's Party (Partido Popular) has criticized the prolonged absence of a budget as an anomaly in a democracy. The same MP stated that if the People's Party comes to power in the elections scheduled for next year, it will amend the law to prevent this from happening again (Source: Euronews; private).The Ministry of Finance has stated that it plans to submit the 2027 budget proposal shortly and expects it to be approved (Source: Euronews; private source).

Portugal

The Prime Minister of Portugal is Luís Montenegro. Prime Minister Montenegro is the leader of the Portuguese Social Democratic Party (Source: Government of Portugal). The leader of the CDS – People's Party has also joined the government as Minister of Defense (Source: Government of Portugal).On October 8, the government submitted its 2027 budget proposal to Parliament (Source: Government of Portugal). The budget proposal includes raising the benefit threshold for low-income seniors by 50 euros to 720 euros (Source: Government of Portugal).

The Prime Minister of Montenegro described the opposition Portuguese Socialist Party (Partido Socialista)’s indication that it might abstain from voting on the budget bill as an important sign of political stability. The prime minister noted that while the Portuguese Socialist Party is more cooperative than other parties, he is engaging in dialogue with all parties and has previously reached an agreement with Chega on immigration issues (Source: RTP, Portugal’s public broadcaster; private sector).

Italy

The Prime Minister of Italy is Giorgia Meloni (Source: Euronews; private source). On October 8, the Chamber of Deputies finally passed the new election law by a vote of 227 in favor and 164 against (Source: Italian Chamber of Deputies).

According to media reports, the current legislature’s term runs until September 2027, and the new law will be applied in the next general election. The new law introduces preferential voting for candidates and raises the number of signatures that political parties without seats in parliament must collect to run in elections from 1,500 to 6,000 (Source: Euronews; private).

The opposition has reacted strongly against the bill. Democratic Party (Partito Democratico) Secretary-General Elly Schlein criticized the legislation, saying it was designed not to benefit voters but to protect those currently holding seats. Giuseppe Conte, leader of the Five Star Movement (Movimento Cinque Stelle), also stated that the law is intended to ensure the ruling party’s victory. In response, Prime Minister Meloni stated that the center-right is united (Source: Euronews; private). The same report notes that the Constitutional Court may overturn this law (Source: Euronews; private).

Nordic Countries

Sweden

In Sweden, a general election was held on September 13 (Source: Swedish Parliament). According to media reports, the four opposition parties won 176 of the 349 seats, while the four parties that had previously formed the ruling coalition won 173 seats (Source: Al Jazeera; private source).

Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson tendered his resignation on September 17. Until a new government is formed, Prime Minister Kristersson is leading an interim government composed of the Moderate Party (Moderata samlingspartiet), the Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna), and the Liberals (Liberalerna) (Source: Swedish Parliament).

Andreas Norlén, Speaker of the Riksdag, asked Magdalena Andersson, leader of the Social Democratic Party (Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti), to explore the prospects for forming a government. Party Leader Andersson reported that there was no point in continuing to explore the matter at this time, and the Speaker then presented her to Parliament as the Prime Minister of a government composed solely of the Social Democratic Party (Source: Swedish Parliament).

On October 15, the Riksdag rejected the proposal by a vote of 99 in favor and 248 against. Only the Social Democratic Party voted in favor; the Left Party (Vänsterpartiet), the Centre Party (Centerpartiet), and the Green Party (Miljöpartiet de gröna) all voted against it (Source: Swedish Riksdag).The Speaker may propose up to four candidates for Prime Minister. If none of the candidates is approved, a snap general election must be held within three months (Source: Swedish Parliament).

Finland

The Prime Minister of Finland is Petteri Orpo of the National Coalition Party, and the government is a four-party coalition. The government has reached an agreement on the 2027 budget proposal. Since parliamentary elections will be held next year, this will be the last budget proposal of this term (Source: Yle, Finland’s public broadcaster; private sector).

The total budget proposal amounts to 92.5 billion euros, with a deficit of 12.4 billion euros. The government cites interest payments on debt and investments in defense and security as the main reasons for the widening deficit. The Ministry of Defense’s budget will increase by 618 million euros starting in 2026 (Source: Yle; private sector).The government states that Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has fundamentally altered Finland’s security environment (Source: Yle; private sector). The opposition’s arguments regarding the budget proposal are not included in the materials verified by this article.

Norway

The Prime Minister of Norway is Jonas Gahr Støre. Prime Minister Støre is a member of the Norwegian Labour Party. According to publicly available data from the Storting, all members of the government are members of the Norwegian Labour Party. This is based on data compiled for this article (Source: Storting).On October 7, Finance Minister Jens Stoltenberg submitted the 2027 budget proposal to the Storting (Source: Storting).

Negotiations with other parties are necessary to pass the budget bill. During parliamentary deliberations, Finance Minister Stoltenberg stated that his government has consistently reached satisfactory solutions with its budget partners—the Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti), the Norwegian Centre Party (Senterpartiet), the Red Party (Rødt), and the Norwegian Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)—and indicated that negotiations would continue for this budget as well (Source: Norwegian Parliament).

Criticism has also emerged from the Red Party, a key coalition partner on the budget. During the same deliberations, a Red Party lawmaker criticized the budget proposal for failing to include new funding for dental care reform. The party has stated that it will engage in tough but constructive negotiations (Source: Norwegian Parliament).

Criticism has also come from opposition parties that are neither part of the government nor budget coalition partners. Nikolai Astrup, a member of the Conservative Party of Norway (Høyre), stated that this budget proposal is still only a draft, noting that the cooperating parties have made many costly demands and that some parties are prepared to break the agreement at any moment. He therefore believes the budget proposal will undergo significant changes (Source: Norwegian Parliament).

Russia

In Russia, elections for the State Duma were held from September 18 to 20. According to the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation (Центральная избирательная комиссия Российской Федерации), voter turnout was 59.80%.United Russia won 349 seats, securing a constitutional majority. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации) won 37 seats, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (Либерально-демократическая партия России) 23 seats, New People (Новые люди) 19 seats, A Just Russia (Справедливая Россия) 17 seats, Rodina (Родина) 1 seat, and independents 4 seats (Source: State Duma of the Russian Federation).

Vyacheslav Volodin (Вячеслав Володин), Speaker of the State Duma, stated that the election was held in a competitive environment and that support for President Putin boosted United Russia’s results (Source: Russian State Duma). The State Duma is scheduled to deliberate on candidates for government ministerial posts on October 21 (Source: Russian State Duma).

In response, the European Parliament adopted a resolution stating that the election was neither free nor fair, with 482 votes in favor, 41 against, and 39 abstentions. The resolution states that it does not recognize the new State Duma as the legitimate legislative body of Ukraine. It also condemned the fact that elections were held in Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine (Source: European Parliament press release, published on the European External Action Service website).

Comparison of Issues

The following table presents the key issues discussed in the main text, as organized by this article.

Reference Information

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• Parliament slams Russian State Duma elections as complete sham - European Parliament
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• Ständerat bejaht Zuwanderungsabgabe für Arbeitskräfte aus der EU - Das Schweizer Parlament
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• Talmannen: Nästa steg i regeringsbildningen - Sveriges riksdag
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• Projet de loi de finances pour 2027, n° 3210 - Assemblée nationale
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• Orçamento do Estado para 2027 entregue na Assembleia da República - XXV Governo Constitucional
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• L'opposition se déchaîne contre l'Arizona - La Libre Belgique
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• Budget fédéral : quel est ce "filet de sécurité" que Bart De Wever veut mettre en place - Moustique
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• Crash de l'Arizona sur le budget ? Les cinq partis ont tous une bonne raison de sauver la coalition - La Libre Belgique
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• Martin rejects suggestions Budget 2027 talks 'brutal' - RTÉ
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• German far-right AfD wins Saxony-Anhalt election, falls short of majority - Al Jazeera
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• 'A theft from citizens': Spain hits 1,000 days without a new budget - Euronews
  https://www.euronews.com/2026/09/27/a-theft-from-citizens-spain-hits-1000-days-without-a-new-budget
• Italy approves Meloni's electoral reform in confidence vote ahead of 2027 election - Euronews
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This article was written by AI from public records and non-governmental sources, and translated automatically.

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