Current Political Situation in Major Countries in the Middle East and Africa (October 2026)

Scope of This Article

This article is based on information verified as of October 2026. The countries covered include Turkey, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the Middle East, as well as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and Egypt and South Africa in Africa.

For each country, we will list the head of government, the main political party in power, upcoming milestones related to the head of government, and current political issues. To focus on summarizing the key points, we will keep explanations of the political systems to a minimum and devote most of the space to the political issues.

I gave priority to official sources such as government documents, parliamentary records, election management bodies, and the United Nations. For the claims made by political parties and politicians, as well as for events for which no official records were available, I relied on news reports. Whenever information comes from non-governmental sources, I indicate this within the text.

List

The following table was compiled independently based on sources verified in this article. The “Next Milestone” column lists only dates confirmed by the sources. Information derived from private sources is indicated as such within each cell. Please refer to the sections on each country for source citations.

Common Regional Challenges: Houthi Attacks and Maritime Security

Before delving into the issues specific to each country, let’s review the circumstances common to many nations: the attacks on Saudi Arabia by Yemen’s Houthi rebels, and the safety of ships in the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea.

According to UN News, the UN Secretary-General condemned the Houthi missile attack on a major airport in Riyadh. According to Saudi Arabian authorities, 12 people were killed and more than 300 were injured in the attack (Source: UN News).

According to a statement issued by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, the United Nations Security Council adopted a presidential statement on October 15, 2026, by consensus without a vote. The presidential statement condemned the Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia and affirmed Saudi Arabia’s right to defend itself (Source: Gulf Cooperation Council Secretariat).

Regarding the attacks that occurred prior to this, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in a statement issued on October 9, condemned in the strongest terms the Houthi attacks on Abha International Airport in the south and King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh (Source: Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs).

Tensions remain high at sea. According to the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, two Singapore-flagged container ships were struck by objects fired by unknown assailants while transiting the Strait of Hormuz on October 13 and 14, 2026. One of the ships caught fire and sank. All 21 crew members were evacuated (Source: Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore).

UN News reports that the conflict over the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, at the entrance to the Red Sea, is an extension of the U.S.-Iran confrontation that has disrupted oil and gas supplies passing through the Strait of Hormuz. It also states that, as Iran continues to disrupt the strait, the Red Sea has become an indispensable route for Saudi Arabia’s oil exports (Source: UN News).

Middle East

Turkey

The President of Turkey is Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. According to the Presidential Office’s biography, President Erdoğan was re-elected in the runoff round of the presidential election on May 28, 2023, with 52.18% of the vote. He was also re-elected as chairman of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which he founded, on May 21, 2017 (Source: Office of the President of Turkey).

Article 77 of the Turkish Constitution stipulates that parliamentary and presidential elections shall be held on the same day every five years (Source: Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Text of the Constitution)).Article 116 of the Constitution stipulates that Parliament may, by a three-fifths majority of its total membership, or the President may, decide to hold a re-election; in such cases, parliamentary and presidential elections are held simultaneously. The same article states that if Parliament decides to hold a re-election during the President’s second term, the President may run for office once more (Source: Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Text of the Constitution)).

In a speech on November 20, 2019, President Erdoğan referred to the Nationalist Movement Party as a party that is part of the People's Alliance (Cumhur İttifakı) (Source: Office of the President of Turkey).A July 2026 report from a private media outlet also described the Nationalist Movement Party as a party that, along with the Justice and Development Party, supports the government (Source: Euronews (Turkish edition). This is a private source).

The major development right now is the split within the Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi), which was the largest opposition party. According to private media reports, on May 21, a Turkish appeals court invalidated the Republican People's Party’s 2023 national convention and overturned the election results that had named Özgür Özel as party leader. The ruling suspended Mr. Ozer and the executive committee from their duties and appointed former party leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu as interim party leader (Source: TIME; this is a private source).

The views of the ruling party and the opposition differ. According to private media reports, the Ministry of Justice under the Erdoğan administration claims that the leadership change within the Republican People's Party has strengthened public confidence in democracy (Source: TIME; a private source).On the other hand, the Republican People's Party claimed that the court’s intervention was a political move intended to weaken the party (Source: TIME; a private source).

According to private media reports, on July 24, 91 lawmakers, including Mr. Özler, left the Republican People's Party and formed a new party, the Yeni Parti (YENİ Parti). According to the same reports, Mr. Özler stated that the goal is not to remain in the opposition but to take power (Source: EuroNews (Turkish edition). This is from a private source).

According to the list of seats published by the Turkish Parliament, the Justice and Development Party holds 280 seats, the Yeni Parti holds 91, the Nationalist Movement Party holds 46, and the Republican People's Party holds 44, for a total of 592 members of parliament (Source: Grand National Assembly of Turkey).

The disarmament of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê) remains a contentious issue. According to the Parliament’s recorded roll-call vote, on August 10, 2026, Parliament passed a draft law aimed at strengthening national solidarity and social cohesion by a vote of 467 in favor, 87 against, and 7 abstentions (Source: Grand National Assembly of Turkey).According to a parliamentary announcement, the provisions of this law are contingent upon the publication of a decision by the National Security Council of Türkiye (Milli Güvenlik Kurulu) in the Official Gazette (Source: Grand National Assembly of Turkey). That decision will confirm that the Kurdistan Workers' Party has ceased its activities and surrendered all its weapons (Source: Grand National Assembly of Turkey).

Support for Saudi Arabia has also become an issue for Parliament. In a briefing to reporters on October 15, 2026, the Turkish Ministry of National Defense stated that assistance provided under the defense agreement with Saudi Arabia requires parliamentary approval of the agreement and the completion of the approval process for deploying Turkish troops abroad (Source: Turkish Ministry of National Defense).Article 92 of the Turkish Constitution stipulates that the authority to deploy Turkish military forces abroad rests with Parliament, except when required by international treaties to which Turkey is a party (Source: Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Text of the Constitution)).

Israel

General elections are approaching in Israel. According to a legal analysis by the U.S. Library of Congress, Israel’s parliament, the Knesset, was dissolved on July 17, 2026. Elections to select the 120-seat Knesset will be held on October 27, 2026 (Source: Library of Congress).

According to the same explanation, the government is formed after securing a vote of confidence from at least 61 of the 120 members of parliament. To date, no party has secured that majority without a coalition agreement with another party (Source: Library of Congress). Until a new government is formed, the previous government continues to perform its duties (Source: Library of Congress).This election is the first since 1988 to be held according to the original schedule established by law (Source: Library of Congress).

According to the English translation of the government’s Basic Law, the lawmaker tasked with forming a cabinet has 28 days to do so, and the president may extend that period by a total of no more than 14 days (Source: World Intellectual Property Organization’s Legislation Database).

The prime minister is Benjamin Netanyahu (Source: Al Jazeera; a private news source).According to the official results from the Central Elections Committee of Israel (ועדת הבחירות המרכזית), in the previous election held on November 1, 2022, the Likud party list led by Mr. Netanyahu won 32 seats, while the list that came in second won 24 seats (Source: Central Elections Committee of Israel).

According to private media reports, former Chief of Staff Gadi Eisenkot (גדי איזנקוט) is considered the leading candidate for prime minister from the opposition. The reports state that Eisenkot’s new party, Yashar (ישר), is neck-and-neck with Likud in opinion polls (Source: Al Jazeera; a private media source).

The same report lists the investigation into the failure to prevent the October 7, 2023, attack, military service exemptions for ultra-Orthodox Jews, judicial reform, war and national security, and the cost of living as the main issues in this election (Source: Al Jazeera; a private news source).According to the same report, supporters of the military service exemption argue that it protects those who devote themselves to studying the Torah, while critics argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of military service onto others. Regarding judicial reform, critics view it as a threat to democracy, while supporters argue that the Supreme Court has overstepped its authority (Source: Al Jazeera; a private source).

The two sides have differing positions.

According to private media reports, Prime Minister Netanyahu stated at the start of the cabinet meeting that there is a risk Hamas might attempt to influence the election through attacks, and warned that Israel would respond with force if that were to happen. He also stated that Israel would eliminate Hamas’s control over Gaza (Source: The Jerusalem Post; this is a private source).

According to private media reports, Mr. Eisenkot has made the establishment of a national commission of inquiry to investigate the October 7, 2023, attack the top priority of his campaign platform. Meanwhile, Prime Minister Netanyahu’s coalition has proposed a commission whose members would be selected by politicians (Source: News24; a private source).According to the same reports, Mr. Eisenkot has pledged to pass legislation expanding mandatory service—including military service—to ultra-Orthodox Jews and Arab citizens (Source: News24; a private source).

There was also a dispute over which political parties would be allowed to run in the election. According to private media reports, the Central Elections Committee of Israel decided to exclude two Arab-led slates from the election, but on October 2, the Supreme Court of Israel (בית המשפט העליון) unanimously overturned that decision (Source: Al Jazeera; a private media source).

Saudi Arabia

The Basic Law of Saudi Arabia establishes the monarchy as the system of government in Saudi Arabia. The King appoints the Crown Prince by royal decree, and upon the King’s death, the Crown Prince succeeds to the King’s authority (Source: Saudi Arabian Consultative Council (Basic Law of Governance)).Article 56 of the same Basic Law stipulates that the King is the Prime Minister (Source: Saudi Arabian Consultative Council (Basic Law of Governance)).

According to private media reports, Mohammed bin Salman was previously appointed prime minister by royal decree. The same reports state that the decree stipulates that the king will continue to preside over cabinet meetings in which he is present. The reports describe the Crown Prince as King Salman’s heir to the throne and the leader responsible for the day-to-day administration of the country (Source: Associated Press [reprinted on Yahoo! News]. This is a private source).

Responding to Houthi attacks has also become a challenge for the government. According to private media reports, a cabinet meeting chaired by Crown Prince Mohammed condemned the Houthi attacks on airports and the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and warned that the Houthis would face the consequences (Source: Arab News. This is a private source).

The fiscal outlook was also released. The Saudi Arabian Ministry of Finance has released its budget outlook for 2027. Expenditures are projected to be approximately 1.392 trillion riyals, while revenues are projected to be approximately 1.202 trillion riyals; the deficit is expected to be about 3.6% of gross domestic product (Source: Saudi Ministry of Finance).

The same report explains that economic and geopolitical developments in 2026 influenced the pace of economic growth. According to the same announcement, real gross domestic product (GDP) in 2026 is estimated to have declined by 3.6%, as activity in the oil sector is projected to fall by approximately 21.8% (Source: Saudi Arabian Ministry of Finance).The Minister of Finance stated that the government will monitor economic and geopolitical developments and their potential impact on the global economy, supply chains, and energy markets, and will respond flexibly (Source: Saudi Arabian Ministry of Finance).

UAE

According to the official website of the UAE government, Mohamed bin Zayed is the President of the UAE and the Ruler of Abu Dhabi. President Mohamed was elected on May 14, 2022, by a decision of the Federal Supreme Council (Source: Official website of the UAE government).The Federal Supreme Council is the highest constitutional body in the UAE and consists of the rulers of the seven emirates (Source: Official website of the UAE government).

According to the same website, the Federal Supreme Council elects a president from among its members for a five-year term. The president may be re-elected. Additionally, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum is the Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE, as well as the Ruler of Dubai (Source: Official website of the UAE government).

The legislative body is the Federal National Council (المجلس الوطني الاتحادي). According to the same website, the Federal National Council is an advisory body consisting of 40 members, and the current members were elected in the 2023 election (Source: Official website of the UAE government).

Maritime safety has also become an issue in the UAE.In a statement issued on July 14, 2026, the UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the attack on two UAE oil tankers, which were struck by two Iranian cruise missiles while passing through the Strait of Hormuz (Source: UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs).According to the same statement, one Indian national was killed and eight others were injured in the attack (Source: UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs).

Gulf Cooperation Council

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a political and economic organization comprising Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE.According to the Gulf Cooperation Council Secretariat, the foreign ministers of the member states held a meeting on October 18, 2026, in Manama, the capital of Bahrain (Source: Gulf Cooperation Council Secretariat).

The meeting’s statement condemned the Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia in the strongest terms. It also stated that an attack on any member state constitutes a direct attack on all member states (Source: Secretariat of the Gulf Cooperation Council).Furthermore, it called for the Houthis to be designated as a terrorist organization (Source: Gulf Cooperation Council Secretariat).

The same statement condemned Iran's missile and drone attacks on Gulf countries and Jordan, placing full responsibility on Iran (Source: Secretariat of the Gulf Cooperation Council).

According to a United Nations news report, the UN Deputy Humanitarian Coordinator stated that more than 200,000 people have been displaced in Yemen since August (Source: UN News).

According to the Secretariat of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), the GCC-EU summit scheduled for October 24, 2026, in Riyadh has been postponed to a later date. Secretary-General Jasem Mohamed Albudaiwi cited the Houthis’ continued targeting of Saudi Arabia and the prolonged suspension of operations at King Khalid International Airport as the reasons for the postponement (Source: Gulf Cooperation Council Secretariat).

Africa

Egypt

The President of Egypt is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. According to the State Information Service of Egypt, President el-Sisi took the oath of office for his third term on April 2, 2024, before members of the Egyptian House of Representatives (Source: State Information Service of Egypt).The Egyptian Constitution stipulates that the presidential term is six years (Source: State Information Service of Egypt (Text of the Constitution)).

The prime minister is Mostafa Madbouly. According to the State Information Service of Egypt, the Egyptian House of Representatives approved a major cabinet reshuffle on February 10, 2026. The President had nominated 22 candidates to join Prime Minister Madbouly’s government (Source: State Information Service of Egypt).

Regarding the composition of the parliament, according to the State Information Service of Egypt, the election commission announced the final results of the 2025 parliamentary elections on January 10, 2026, with 568 members elected. According to a media roundup reported by the same State Information Service of Egypt, the Nation's Future Party secured 227 seats, making it the largest bloc. The second-largest party won 87 seats (Source: State Information Service of Egypt).

The major point of contention right now is military aid to Saudi Arabia. According to the State Information Service of Egypt, on October 17, President Sisi reaffirmed his commitment to supporting the security of Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf states and called for an extraordinary session of parliament to discuss whether to approve the intervention requested by Saudi Arabia to defend itself (Source: State Information Service of Egypt). The Egyptian House of Representatives held a plenary session on October 18 (Source: State Information Service of Egypt).

The Egyptian Constitution stipulates that in order for the president to deploy the military on combat missions abroad, he must consult with the National Defense Council of Egypt (مجلس الدفاع الوطني) and obtain the approval of a two-thirds majority of the members of the Egyptian House of Representatives (Source: State Information Service of Egypt (Text of the Constitution)).

According to private media reports, the Egyptian House of Representatives has postponed this vote until October 26 (Source: Al Jazeera; a private news source).According to the same report, President Sisi stated that this is not about confronting or attacking anyone, but solely a matter of defense (Source: Al Jazeera; a private news source).

There are also cautious voices within the opposition. According to private media reports, the opposition Egyptian Social Democratic Party (الحزب المصري الديمقراطي الاجتماعي) instructed its lawmakers to abstain from the vote. The party explained that Parliament had not been provided with sufficient information regarding the mission’s objectives, duration, costs, and the risks to Egyptian soldiers. However, according to the same report, the party also stated that many of its lawmakers support this measure (Source: Al Jazeera; a private news source).

South Africa

The President of South Africa is Cyril Ramaphosa. According to the Office of the President, President Ramaphosa was re-elected by the National Assembly on June 14, 2024, following the 2024 general election. He was also re-elected as President of the African National Congress in December 2022 (Source: Office of the President of South Africa).

According to a 2024 statement released by the Office of the President, a total of 11 political parties—including the African National Congress and the Democratic Alliance—have joined the Government of National Unity (Source: Office of the President of South Africa).In a parliamentary response in July 2025, President Ramaphosa stated that the Government of National Unity is composed of 10 political parties (Source: Office of the President of South Africa).

Local elections across the country are fast approaching. According to the Electoral Commission of South Africa, the local elections will be held on November 4, 2026 (Source: Electoral Commission of South Africa).According to the government news agency, President Ramaphosa explained that this schedule allows for a full five-year term following the 2021 local elections (Source: South African Government Communications and Information Agency, SAnews).

The current issue at stake is the future of the coalition that will form the national government. According to the government news agency, the Constitutional Court of South Africa has overturned the Electoral Commission of South Africa’s decision to reject the African National Congress’s list of candidates in several municipalities and ordered that the list be included on the ballots (Source: South African Government Communications and Information Agency, SAnews).According to a statement from the Electoral Commission of South Africa, this order resulted in the addition of 181 candidates from six municipalities. The Electoral Commission also decided to treat 32 other political parties in the same situation in the same manner (Source: South African Government Official Website).

According to private media reports, Fikile Mbalula, Secretary-General of the African National Congress, called for a review of the Democratic Alliance’s participation in the Government of National Unity, citing the party’s opposition to this proposal (Source: IOL; a private news source).According to the same report, President Ramaphosa stated that the reasons for forming the Government of National Unity remain unchanged and that the local elections will not determine the future of the national coalition (Source: IOL; a private source).

Even during the local election campaign, the two parties are criticizing each other. According to private media reports, Geordin Hill-Lewis, leader of the Democratic Alliance, criticized the African National Congress’s election platform, saying it was unachievable and lacked sincerity (Source: Politico. This is a private source). According to the same report, an African National Congress spokesperson explained that the party’s platform candidly acknowledges the weaknesses in local government, pledges to fight corruption, and aims to overhaul the administration (Source: Politico. This is a private source).

According to private media reports, the African National Congress has decided not to announce its mayoral candidates for major cities prior to the election. The reports indicate that the party had nominated 42 candidates for eight major cities but was concerned that supporters of those not selected might withdraw from the election campaign (Source: Daily Maverick. This is a private source).

Summary of Key Issues by Country

Finally, we will list the issues discussed in this article by country. The information in the table is based on the sources cited in the sections on each country. The positions of political parties and politicians include those reported in the media.

Reference Information

• FALQs: Israel’s Upcoming Election on October 27, 2026 | In Custodia Legis
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• No: 193, 9 October 2026, Regarding the Attacks by the Houthis on Airports in Saudi Arabia | Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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• ‘These attacks must cease immediately’: Guterres condemns deadly Houthi strike on Riyadh airport | UN News
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• Two Singapore-Registered Vessels Struck in Strait of Hormuz | Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore
  https://www.mpa.gov.sg/media-centre/details/two-singapore-registered-vessels-struck-in-strait-of-hormuz
• The Basic Law of Government, Chapter Two | Shura Council
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• The Basic Law of Government, Chapter Six | Shura Council
  https://www.shura.gov.sa/wps/wcm/connect/shuraen/internet/Laws+and+Regulations/The+Basic+Law+Of+Government/Chapter+Six/
• Saudi Ministry of Finance Announces Pre-Budget Statement for FY2027 | Ministry of Finance
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• Saudi Arabia's powerful crown prince is named prime minister | Yahoo News
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• Saudi Cabinet backs operations of coalition forces in Yemen, warns Houthis over attacks | Arab News
  https://www.arabnews.pk/saudi-arabia/saudi-cabinet-backs-operations-of-coalition-forces-in-yemen-warns-houthis-over-attacks-3004057
• The Supreme Council | The Official Portal of the UAE Government
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• The President and his Deputy | The Official Portal of the UAE Government
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• The Federal National Council | The Official Platform of the UAE Government
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• UAE Condemns in the Strongest Terms the Iranian Hostile Attacks Targeting Two National Tankers in the Strait of Hormuz | UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/MediaHub/News/2026/7/14/uae-Iran
• Final Communiqué Issued by the Ministerial Council at its 168th Session | GCC
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• Statement Issued by the GCC General Secretariat Regarding the Rescheduling of the GCC-EU Summit | GCC
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• President El-Sisi Takes Constitutional Oath for New Presidential Term | State Information Service
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• President of the Republic (Constitution) | State Information Service
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• Egypt's House of Representatives approves cabinet reshuffle | State Information Service
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• NEA reports 32.41% voter turnout as Egypt completes longest parliamentary election | State Information Service
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• Parliament to hold emergency session Sunday on Sisi’s call | State Information Service
  https://sis.gov.eg/en/media-center/news/parliament-to-hold-emergency-session-sunday-on-sisi-s-call
• Parliament convenes plenary session following El-Sisi's request | State Information Service
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• Egyptian parliament delays vote on military support for Saudi Arabia | Al Jazeera
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• President Cyril Ramaphosa | The Presidency
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• Reply by President Cyril Ramaphosa to the debate on the Presidency Budget Vote 2025/2026 | The Presidency
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• Local Government Elections 2026 | Electoral Commission of South Africa
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• President sets 4 November 2026 as date for Local Government Elections | SAnews
  https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/president-sets-4-november-2026-date-local-government-elections
• IEC notes ConCourt judgement on candidate lists matter | SAnews
  https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/iec-notes-concourt-judgement-candidate-lists-matter
• Electoral Commission gives similarly affected political parties the same relief | South African Government
  https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/electoral-commission-gives-similarly-affected-political-parties-same-relief
• Ramaphosa says GNU will continue despite Mbalula’s call to review DA’s role | IOL
  https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2026-10-19-ramaphosa-says-gnu-will-continue-despite-mbalulas-call-to-review-das-role/
• GNU partners DA, ANC clash over manifesto promises ahead of election | Polity
  https://www.polity.org.za/article/gnu-partners-da-anc-clash-over-manifesto-promises-ahead-of-election-2026-08-24
• ANC abandons plan to name mayoral candidates amid fears of supporter backlash | Daily Maverick
  https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2026-10-19-anc-abandons-plan-to-name-mayoral-candidates-amid-fears-of-supporter-backlash/

This article was written by AI from public records and non-governmental sources, and translated automatically.

• Election
• Houthi
• Politics in Africa
• Politics in the Middle East